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Ορμόνη

Hormone


Hormones-01-goog

Ορμόνη Ορμόνες

Systems-Endocrinic-01-goog

Ενδοκρινικό Σύστημα

Ορμόνη είναι η χημική ουσία που κυκλοφορεί στο αίμα και ελέγχει τη λειτουργία ορισμένων οργάνων και ιστών του σώματος.

Ετυμολογία[]

Πρότυπο:Hormones

Η ονομασία "Ορμόνη" σχετίζεται ετυμολογικά με την λέξη "[[ ]]".

Εισαγωγή[]

Οι ορµόνες είναι µόρια ύλης (πρωτεϊνικά, στεροειδή και αµινικά) και τις εκκρίνουν οι αδένες του οργανισµού.

Μερικοί αδένες είναι η υπόφυση του εγκεφάλου (και η επίφυση), τα επινεφρίδια, οι νεφροί, οι όρχεις, οι ωοθήκες, κλπ.

Οι περισσότερες ορμόνες παράγονται από ειδικούς αδένες οι οποίοι ονομάζονται ενδοκρινείς αδένες.

Οι ορµόνες εκκρίνονται από τους αδένες υπό ορισµένες προϋποθέσεις και καταφθάνουν διά µέσου της κυκλοφορίας του αίµατος στα διάφορα όργανα, όπου προκαλούν επιδράσεις.

Π.χ. από κάποια ένταση ή άγχος, τα επινεφρίδια εκκρίνουν την αδρεναλίνη και αυτή προκαλεί ταχυρρυθµία στην καρδιά.

Όταν οι όρχεις εκκρίνουν την ορµόνη τεστοτερόνη κατά την διάρκεια του έρωτα (οι ωοθήκες της γυναίκας εκκρίνουν την οιστραδιόλη), τότε αυτές προκαλούν στον εγκέφαλο τηναίσθηση της ηδονής.

Οι δράσεις της ορμόνης και τα μέρη του σώματος που αφορά διαφέρουν ανάλογα με τον τύπο της ορμόνης.

Όσο υψηλότερες είναι οι ποσότητες μιας ορμόνης στο αίμα τόσο περισσότερο δραστήριες γίνονται οι λειτουργίες που ελέγχει η ορμόνη αυτή.

Ταξινομία[]

Spelling is not uniform for many hormones. Current North American and international usage is estrogen, gonadotropin, while British usage retains the Greek diphthong in oestrogen and the unvoiced aspirant h in gonadotrophin.

Structure Name Abbrev-
iation
Tissue Cells Mechanism Target Tissue Effect
amine - tryptophan Μελατονίνη (Melatonin]] (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) pineal gland pinealocyte antioxidant and causes drowsiness
amine - tryptophan Σεροτονίνη (Serotonin]] 5-HT CNS, GI tract enterochromaffin cell Controls mood, appetite, and sleep
amine - tyrosine Θυροξίνη (Thyroxine]] (or tetraiodothyronine) (a thyroid hormone) T4 thyroid gland thyroid epithelial cell direct less active form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines,

affect protein synthesis

amine - tyrosine Τριωδοθυροξίνη (Triiodothyronine]] (a thyroid hormone) T3 thyroid gland thyroid epithelial cell direct potent form of thyroid hormone: increase the basal metabolic rate & sensitivity to catecholamines,

affect protein synthesis

amine - tyrosine (Κατεχολαμίνη (Catecholamine|cat]]) Αδρεναλίνη (Epinephrine]] (or adrenaline) EPI adrenal medulla chromaffin cell Fight-or-flight response:

Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasodilation, increasing catalysis of glycogen in liver, breakdown of lipids in fat cells. dilate the pupils Suppress non-emergency bodily processes (e.g. digestion) Suppress immune system

amine - tyrosine (cat) Νορεπινεφρίνη (Norepinephrine]] (or noradrenaline) NRE adrenal medulla chromaffin cell Fight-or-flight response:

Boosts the supply of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles (by increasing heart rate and stroke volume, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure, breakdown of lipids in fat cells. Increase skeletal muscle readiness.

amine - tyrosine (cat) Δοπαμίνη (Dopamine]] (or prolactin inhibiting hormone DPM, PIH or DA kidney, hypothalamus Chromaffin cells in kidney
Dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus
Increase heart rate and blood pressure
Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary
peptide Antimullerian hormone (or mullerian inhibiting factor or hormone) AMH testes Sertoli cell Inhibit release of prolactin and TRH from anterior pituitary
peptide Αδιπονεκτίνη (Adiponectin]] Acrp30 adipose tissue
peptide Κορτιτροπίνη (Adrenocorticotropic hormone]] (or corticotropin) ACTH anterior pituitary corticotrope cAMP synthesis of corticosteroids (glucocorticoids and androgens) in adrenocortical cells
peptide Αγγειοτενσινογόνο (Angiotensinogen]] and Αγγειοτενσίνη (angiotensin]] AGT liver IP3 vasoconstriction

release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex dipsogen.

peptide Βασοπρεσσίνη (Antidiuretic hormone]] (or vasopressin, arginine vasopressin) ADH posterior pituitary Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells in posterior pituitary
varies retention of water in kidneys
moderate vasoconstriction
Release ACTH in anterior pituitary
peptide Ατριοπεπτίνη (Atrial-natriuretic peptide]] (or atriopeptin) ANP heart cGMP
peptide Χαλκιτονίνη (Calcitonin]] CT thyroid gland parafollicular cell cAMP Construct bone, reduce blood Ca2+
peptide Χολεκυστοκινίνη (Cholecystokinin]] CCK duodenum Release of digestive enzymes from pancreas

Release of bile from gallbladder hunger suppressant

peptide Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH hypothalamus cAMP Release ACTH from anterior pituitary
peptide Ερυθροποιητίνη (Erythropoietin]] EPO kidney Extraglomerular mesangial cells Stimulate erythrocyte production
peptide Follicle-stimulating hormone FSH anterior pituitary gonadotrope cAMP In female: stimulates maturation of Graafian follicles in ovary.

In male: spermatogenesis, enhances production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the testes

peptide Γαστρίνη (Gastrin]] GRP stomach, duodenum G cell Secretion of gastric acid by parietal cells
peptide Γρελίνη (Ghrelin]] stomach P/D1 cell Stimulate appetite,

secretion of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland

peptide Γλυκογόνο (Glucagon]] GCG pancreas alpha cells cAMP glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver

increases blood glucose level

peptide Gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH hypothalamus IP3 Release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary.
peptide Growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH hypothalamus IP3 Release GH from anterior pituitary
peptide Γοναδοτροπίνη (Human chorionic gonadotropin]] hCG placenta syncytiotrophoblast cells cAMP promote maintenance of corpus luteum during beginning of pregnancy

Inhibit immune response, towards the human embryo.

peptide Λακτογόνο (Human placental lactogen]] HPL placenta increase production of insulin and IGF-1

increase insulin resistance and carbohydrate intolerance

peptide Growth hormone GH or hGH anterior pituitary somatotropes stimulates growth and cell reproduction

Release Insulin-like growth factor 1 from liver

peptide Ινχιβίνη (Inhibin]] testes, ovary, fetus Sertoli cells of testes
granulosa cells of ovary
trophoblasts in fetus
anterior pituitary Inhibit production of FSH
peptide Ινσουλίνη (Insulin]] INS pancreas beta cells tyrosine kinase Intake of glucose, glycogenesis and glycolysis in liver and muscle from blood

intake of lipids and synthesis of triglycerides in adipocytes Other anabolic effects

peptide Insulin-like growth factor (or somatomedin) IGF liver Hepatocytes tyrosine kinase insulin-like effects

regulate cell growth and development

peptide Λεπτίνη (Leptin]] LEP adipose tissue decrease of appetite and increase of metabolism.
peptide Luteinizing hormone LH anterior pituitary gonadotropes cAMP In female: ovulation

In male: stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

peptide Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH or α-MSH anterior pituitary/pars intermedia Melanotroph cAMP melanogenesis by melanocytes in skin and hair
peptide Οξυτοκίνη (Oxytocin]] OXT posterior pituitary Magnocellular neurosecretory cells IP3 release breast milk

Contraction of cervix and vagina Involved in orgasm, trust between people.[1] and circadian homeostasis (body temperature, activity level, wakefulness) [2].

peptide Παραθυροξίνη (Parathyroid hormone]] PTH parathyroid gland parathyroid chief cell cAMP increase blood Ca2+: *indirectly stimulate osteoclasts
  • Ca2+ reabsorption in kidney
  • activate vitamin D

(Slightly) decrease blood phosphate:

  • (decreased reuptake in kidney but increased uptake from bones
  • activate vitamin D)
peptide Προλακτίνη (Prolactin]] PRL anterior pituitary, uterus lactotrophs of anterior pituitary
Decidual cells of uterus
milk production in mammary glands
sexual gratification after sexual acts
peptide Ρηλαξίνη (Relaxin]] RLN uterus Decidual cells Unclear in humans
peptide Σεκρετίνη (Secretin]] SCT duodenum S cell Secretion of bicarbonate from liver, pancreas and duodenal Brunner's glands

Enhances effects of cholecystokinin Stops production of gastric juice

peptide Στοματοστατίνη (Somatostatin]] SRIF hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans, gastrointestinal system delta cells in islets
Neuroendocrince cells of the Periventricular nucleus in hypothalamus
Inhibit release of GH and TRH from anterior pituitary
Suppress release of gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, motilin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), enteroglucagon in gastrointestinal system
Lowers rate of gastric emptying

Reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow within the intestine [3]
Inhibit release of insulin from beta cells [4]
Inhibit release of glucagon from beta cells [4]
Suppress the exocrine secretory action of pancreas.

peptide Θρομβοποιητίνη (Thrombopoietin]] TPO liver, kidney, striated muscle Myocytes megakaryocytes produce platelets[5]
peptide Thyroid-stimulating hormone (or thyrotropin) TSH anterior pituitary thyrotropes cAMP thyroid gland secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
peptide Thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH hypothalamus Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons IP3 anterior pituitary Release thyroid-stimulating hormone (primarily)
Stimulate prolactin release
steroid - glu. Κορτισόλη (Cortisol]] adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata and zona reticularis cells) direct Stimulation of gluconeogenesis

Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue Mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues Stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive

steroid - min. Αλδοστερόνη (Aldosterone]] adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa) direct Increase blood volume by reabsorption of sodium in kidneys (primarily)

Potassium and H+ secretion in kidney.

steroid - sex (and) Τεστοστερόνη (Testosterone]] testes Leydig cells direct Anabolic: growth of muscle mass and strength, increased bone density, growth and strength,

Virilizing: maturation of sex organs, formation of scrotum, deepening of voice, growth of beard and axillary hair.

steroid - sex (and) Διυδροεπιανδροστερόνη (Dehydroepiandrosterone]] DHEA testes, ovary, kidney Zona fasciculata and Zona reticularis cells of kidney
theca cells of ovary
Leydig cellss of testes
direct Virilization, anabolic
steroid - sex (and) Ανδροστενεδιόνη (Androstenedione]] adrenal glands, gonads direct Substrate for estrogen
steroid - sex (and) Διυδροτεστοστερόνη (Dihydrotestosterone]] DHT multiple direct
steroid - sex (est) Οιστραδιόλη (Estradiol]] E2 females: ovary, males testes females: granulosa cells, males: Sertoli cell direct Females:

Structural:

  • promote formation of female secondary sex characteristics
  • accelerate height growth
  • accelerate metabolism (burn fat)
  • reduce muscle mass
  • stimulate endometrial growth
  • increase uterine growth
  • maintenance of blood vessels and skin
  • reduce bone resorption, increase bone formation

Protein synthesis:

  • increase hepatic production of binding proteins

Coagulation:

  • increase circulating level of factors 2, 7, 9, 10, antithrombin III, plasminogen
  • increase platelet adhesiveness

Increase HDL, triglyceride, height growth Decrease LDL, fat depositition Fluid balance:

  • salt (sodium) and water retention
  • increase growth hormone
  • increase cortisol, SHBG

Gastrointestinal tract:

  • reduce bowel motility
  • increase cholesterol in bile

Melanin:

  • increase pheomelanin, reduce eumelanin

Cancer: support hormone-sensitive breast cancers [6] Suppression of production in the body of estrogen is a treatment for these cancers.

Lung function:

  • promote lung function by supporting alveoli[7].

Males: Prevent apoptosis of germ cells[8]

steroid - sex (est) Οιστρόνη (Estrone]] ovary granulosa cells, Adipocytes direct
steroid - sex (est) Οιστριόλη (Estriol]] placenta syncytiotrophoblast direct
steroid - sex (pro) Προγεστερόνη (Progesterone]] ovary, adrenal glands, placenta (when pregnant) Granulosa cells theca cells of ovary direct Support pregnancy[9]:

Convert endometrium to secretory stage Make cervical mucus permeable to sperm. Inhibit immune response, e.g. towards the human embryo. Decrease uterine smooth muscle contractility[9] Inhibit lactation Inhibit onset of labor. Support fetal production of adrenal mineralo- and glucosteroids.

Other: Raise epidermal growth factor-1 levels Increase core temperature during ovulation[10] Reduce spasm and relax smooth muscle (widen bronchi and regulate mucus) Antiinflammatory Reduce gall-bladder activity[11] Normalize blood clotting and vascular tone, zinc and copper levels, cell oxygen levels, and use of fat stores for energy. Assist in thyroid function and bone growth by osteoblasts Relsilience in bone, teeth, gums, joint, tendon, ligament and skin Healing by regulating collagen Nerve function and healing by regulating myelin Prevent endometrial cancer by regulating effects of estrogen.

sterol Χαλκιτριόλη (Calcitriol]] (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) skin/proximal tubule of kidneys direct Active form of vitamin D3

Increase absorption of calcium and phosphate from gastrointestinal tract and kidneys inhibit release of PTH

sterol Χαλκιδιόλη (Calcidiol]] (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) skin/proximal tubule of kidneys direct Inactive form of Vitamin D3
eicosanoid Προσταγλανδίνη (Prostaglandin]]s PG seminal vesicle
eicosanoid Λευκοτριήνη (Leukotriene]]s LT white blood cells
eicosanoid Προστακυκλίνη (Prostacyclin]] PGI2 endothelium
eicosanoid Θρομβοξάνη (Thromboxane]] TXA2 platelets
Prolactin releasing hormone PRH hypothalamus Release prolactin from anterior pituitary
Λιποτροπίνη (Lipotropin]] PRH anterior pituitary Corticotropes lipolysis and steroidogenesis,
stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin
Brain natriuretic peptide BNP heart Cardiac myocytes (To a minor degree than ANP) reduce blood pressure by:

reducing systemic vascular resistance, reducing blood water, sodium and fats

Neuropeptide Y NPY Stomach increased food intake and decreased physical activity
Ισταμίνη (Histamine]] Stomach ECL cells stimulate gastric acid secretion
Ενδοθηλίνη (Endothelin]] Stomach X cells Smooth muscle contraction of stomach [12]
Pancreatic polypeptide Pancreas PP cells Unknown
Ρηνίνη (Renin]] Kidney Juxtaglomerular cells Activates the renin-angiotensin system by producing angiotensin I of angiotensinogen
Εγκεφαλίνη (Enkephalin]] Kidney Chromaffin cells Regulate pain

Εσωτερική Αρθρογραφία[]

Βιβλιογραφία[]

Ιστογραφία[]


Ikl Κίνδυνοι ΧρήσηςIkl

Αν και θα βρείτε εξακριβωμένες πληροφορίες
σε αυτήν την εγκυκλοπαίδεια
ωστόσο, παρακαλούμε να λάβετε σοβαρά υπ' όψη ότι
η "Sciencepedia" δεν μπορεί να εγγυηθεί, από καμιά άποψη,
την εγκυρότητα των πληροφοριών που περιλαμβάνει.

"Οι πληροφορίες αυτές μπορεί πρόσφατα
να έχουν αλλοιωθεί, βανδαλισθεί ή μεταβληθεί από κάποιο άτομο,
η άποψη του οποίου δεν συνάδει με το "επίπεδο γνώσης"
του ιδιαίτερου γνωστικού τομέα που σας ενδιαφέρει."

Πρέπει να λάβετε υπ' όψη ότι
όλα τα άρθρα μπορεί να είναι ακριβή, γενικώς,
και για μακρά χρονική περίοδο,
αλλά να υποστούν κάποιο βανδαλισμό ή ακατάλληλη επεξεργασία,
ελάχιστο χρονικό διάστημα, πριν τα δείτε.



Επίσης,
Οι διάφοροι "Εξωτερικοί Σύνδεσμοι (Links)"
(όχι μόνον, της Sciencepedia
αλλά και κάθε διαδικτυακού ιστότοπου (ή αλλιώς site)),
αν και άκρως απαραίτητοι,
είναι αδύνατον να ελεγχθούν
(λόγω της ρευστής φύσης του Web),
και επομένως είναι ενδεχόμενο να οδηγήσουν
σε παραπλανητικό, κακόβουλο ή άσεμνο περιεχόμενο.
Ο αναγνώστης πρέπει να είναι
εξαιρετικά προσεκτικός όταν τους χρησιμοποιεί.

- Μην κάνετε χρήση του περιεχομένου της παρούσας εγκυκλοπαίδειας
αν διαφωνείτε με όσα αναγράφονται σε αυτήν

IonnKorr-System-00-goog



>>Διαμαρτυρία προς την wikia<<

- Όχι, στις διαφημίσεις που περιέχουν απαράδεκτο περιεχόμενο (άσεμνες εικόνες, ροζ αγγελίες κλπ.)


  1. Kosfeld M et al. (2005) Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435:673-676. PDF PMID 15931222
  2. Scientific American Mind, "Rhythm and Blues"; June/July 2007; Scientific American Mind; by Ulrich Kraft
  3. http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/otherendo/somatostatin.html Colorado State University - Biomedical Hypertextbooks - Somatostatin
  4. 4,0 4,1 Πρότυπο:GeorgiaPhysiology
  5. Kaushansky K. Lineage-specific hematopoietic growth factors. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2034-45. PMID 16687716.
  6. Hormonal Therapy
  7. Massaro D, Massaro GD (2004). "Estrogen regulates pulmonary alveolar formation, loss, and regeneration in mice". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 287 (6): L1154-9. PMID 15298854 url=http://ajplung.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/287/6/L1154. 
  8. Pentikäinen V, Erkkilä K, Suomalainen L, Parvinen M, Dunkel L. Estradiol Acts as a Germ Cell Survival Factor in the Human Testis in vitro. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2006;85:2057-67 PMID 10843196
  9. 9,0 9,1 Placental Hormones
  10. Πρότυπο:GeorgiaPhysiology
  11. Hould F, Fried G, Fazekas A, Tremblay S, Mersereau W (1988). "Progesterone receptors regulate gallbladder motility". J Surg Res 45 (6): 505-12. PMID 3184927. 
  12. Diabetes-related changes in contractile responses of stomach fundus to endothelin-1 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats Journal of Smooth Muscle Research Vol. 41 (2005) , No. 1 35-47. Kazuki Endo1), Takayuki Matsumoto1), Tsuneo Kobayashi1), Yutaka Kasuya1) and Katsuo Kamata1)
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